Cold-related diseases, particularly during the winter season, are a significant concern due to the low temperatures and chill. According to recent statistics, the average annual deaths due to cold-related diseases from 2010 to 2019 were reported at 218.7. This included 149.3 male and 69.4 female deaths. The excess deaths during winter were 1839.7 in mild cold (0 to -5 degrees), 2464.0 in moderate cold (-5 to -12 degrees), and 910.6 in severe cold (-12 degrees or below).
Contrary to common belief, more cases of cold-related diseases occur in moderate cold rather than extremely cold conditions. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that excess deaths in mild cold (0 to -5 degrees) surpass those in severe cold conditions. This observation is attributed to reduced outdoor activities in cold weather, while relatively warmer days witness regular activities.
Hypothermia: The Most Dangerous Condition among Cold-Related Diseases
Among cold-related diseases, hypothermia is the most perilous. It refers to a state where the body temperature drops below 35 degrees, and if it falls below 28 degrees, it can lead to death. In such cases, it is crucial to promptly move to a warm place, and if in a state of cardiac arrest, immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be administered.
Two important symptoms of cold-related diseases are chilblains and frostbite, each with its own distinctions despite their similar names.
Chilblains (Chilblain): Mild Cold-Induced Skin Inflammation
Chilblains occur due to the constriction of blood vessels and an inflammatory response in the skin caused by cold temperatures. It mainly manifests on the hands, toes, and the tip of the nose, with the affected areas turning red and swelling. In such cases, it is advisable to keep the affected area warm and rest.
Frostbite: Freezing of Skin Tissues with Halted Blood Supply
Frostbite is a more severe condition where skin tissues freeze, and blood supply stops. The affected area turns dark, necrosis progresses, and in severe cases, amputation may be necessary. Rubbing or warming the hands and feet when feeling numb should be avoided in the case of frostbite.
Frostbite can be categorized into four degrees based on symptoms
- First-Degree Frostbite: Redness of the skin, itching, tingling pain, and swelling occur.
- Second-Degree Frostbite: Skin turns dark red, blisters form, and severe pain is experienced.
- Third-Degree Frostbite: Numbness, bleeding blisters, and subcutaneous tissue necrosis may occur.
- Fourth-Degree Frostbite: Skin turns dark, involving necrosis of subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and bones, requiring potential amputation.
For frostbite, it is recommended to soak the affected area in warm water for over 30 minutes. For facial or nasal frostbite, applying a warm towel is advised. While mild first-degree frostbite may be self-treated, seeking prompt medical attention is vital as the severity increases.
Preventive Measures and Cautions for Cold-Related Diseases
Although the cold season might arrive later than usual, it is essential to remain cautious, especially during such weather. When going outside, wearing several layers of thin clothing is more effective for insulation than thick garments. Wearing a hat alone can significantly enhance warmth. Tight-fitting boots and socks, which can impede blood circulation, should be avoided to prevent exacerbating symptoms.
Through understanding these preventive measures and symptoms, it is crucial not to forget the need for warm clothing and caution during the winter season. Particularly in cold weather, paying extra attention during outdoor activities and accurately recognizing symptoms of chilblains and frostbite for early intervention are vital.
